Being heated a magnet loses some or all of its magnetism. A magnet being broken in two, each piece becomes a magnet with its own pair of poles. This subdivision could be carried on until we were down to the smallest particle of iron, a molecule. Conversely, two identical bar magnets being brought end to end with opposite poles in close contact, the poles touching seem to disappear and we have but two poles at the extreme ends. A tube of iron filings may be magnetized by stroking it with a magnet in the usual way. The filings being shaken, the magnetism disappears. These facts give rise to the very plausible theory of magnetism generally accepted. We know iron molecules to be magnets at all times. When they are arranged in a bar of steel or iron so that the fields of force of all or most of the molecules are in the same direction, their fields are added to one another and the bar is a magnet. The little magnet molecules form chains, their poles disappearing except at the ends of the chain. This condition is not an equilibrium condition because of the like poles in adjacent chains repelling each other. The rigidity of steel holds the molecules in this position. In soft iron, however, as soon as we take the bar out of the magnetizing field, the molecules adjust themselves on account of the repulsions of like poles of molecules in adjacent chains, leaving the iron unmagnetized. We can see why hard steel makes permanent magnets and soft iron does not. We can also explain why soft iron has a higher permeability than steel. When placed in a magnetic field, the molecules of steel do not readily turn around in the direction of the lines of force. But this alignment is necessary if the body is to absorb lines of force. Heating which increases molecular motion, or jarring causes a magnet to be demagnetized due to its permitting the molecules to adjust themselves to the equilibrium position.

 

EXERCISES

 

I. Read the following words and note the pronunciation of tnd,tld, ign, tgh: kindn grind, wind, bind; mild, wild; sign, design, ulign, alignment) sight, night, bright, light, height

 

II. Translate the following pairs~of words, paying attention to the meaning of the prefixes: division —subdivision, to appear — to disappear, to impose —to superimpose; to heat — to superheat; to connect — to disconnect,to energize—to Reenergize, to magnetize— to demagnetize, to change— to interchange, to lead — to mislead, to determine — to predetermine, to use — to misuse.

 

III. Make up nouns and adjectives from the following verbs and translate all of them: to except, to arrange, io add, to appear, to magnetize,'to permeate to adjust, to lose, to divide, to align, to accept.

 

IV. Find in the text antonyms for the following words. Use them in sentences: to appear, different, to attract, hard, low, to decrease, to acquire, up, likewise, unlike.

 

V. Learn the following synonymical word groups and expressions. Make up sentences illustrating their use: conversely, on the contrary; under consideration, in question, at hand, in point; to meet the requirements, to fill the requirements, to meet the demands, to fill the demands; thanks to, due to, owing to, because of, on account of, by virtue of.

 

VI. Translate the following sentences, noting different meanings of the words in italics:

1. In a condenser the only useful characteristic is the rcapacity. 2. The speed of the molecules is so small compared with that of the electron that only a fraction of the current is transformed. 3. The only substance which is appreciably diamagnetic is bismuth. All other elements are practically non-magnetic, i. e., their permeability differs from unity by less than I per cent. 4. By the beginning of the 20th century it was clearly demonstrated that the movement of microscopic particles could be explained only on the basis of molecular bombardment. 5. By the flux density at any point is meant the flux density at any infinitely small surface drawn perpendicularly to the field of the point. 6. The velocity of jJ rays differs from that of light by a few thousandths parts only.

 

VII. Observe the meaning of the word take in different combinations. Translate the sentences below: 1. The escape of neutrons from any quantity of uranium is a surface effect depending on the area of the surface, whereas fission action takes place throughout the body and is therefore a volume effect. 2. The varying current from the television takes the place of the voice currents from the microphone. 3. The discovery of the atomic battery may take its place alongside with nuclear reactors in providing the world with new sources of electricity. 4. Many radio amateurs take advantage of radio transmitters with one vacuum tube only. 5. Great care should be taken in the operation of the mercury-vapor type of rectifier tube to permit the filament to build up a space charge before applying plate voltage. 6. Care taken to make nuclear power safe is very great, 7, It would take 100 million of small thimble sized atomic batteries to produce enough electricity to light a 100-watt bulb, but its discovery is a very important one. 8. In atomic power plants special safety precautions must be taken to protect the workers from the danger of radioactivity. 9. It will take-not very much time to see the widespread use of semiconductors in every-day life. 10. In metals conduction takes place through the motion of electrons.

 

VIII. Make a plan of the text. IX. Retell the text. X. Write a summary of the text. XI. Translate into English: Нагрівання магніта приводить до втрати ним магнетизму. Якщо розділити магніт на дві частини, то кожна з них залишиться магнітом, тобто кожна частина матиме свою пару полюсів. І навпаки, якщо з'єднати два магніти, то в результаті вийде одні великий магніт. Загальноприйнята теорія магнетизму легко пояснює ряд дуже цікавих явищ.

 

 

Дієслова cause, get, lead і make, якщо за ними йдуть два додатка (1-е — іменник або займенник і 2-е — інфінітив), мають одне спільне значення «викликати (якусь дію)», «змушувати (кого-небудь що-небудь робити)».

При цьому дієслово cause перекладається приводити до, служити (бути) причиною, викликати.

У такому разі інфінітив перекладається віддієслівним іменникам.

Інколи рекомендується дієслово cause при перекладі опускати, інфінітив же перекладати особистою формою (присудком у тому часі, в який має дієслово cause:

The force caused the body to move. Ця сила змусила тіло рухатися. ... привела до руху тіла. ... викликала рух тіла. ... привела до того, що тіло почало рухатися.

 

Дієслово lead з подальшим інфінітивом перекладається приводити до:

The fact led us to conclude that... . Цей факт привів нас до висновку, що... (змусив нас зробити висновок, що...).

Дієслово make часто не перекладається, а інфінітив, що стоїть після нього, перекладається тією формою, в яку має дієслово make:

Our task is to make theory and experiment agree as closely as possible. Наше завдання полягає в тому, щоб можливо більше погоджувати теорію і експеримент.

Примітка. Інфінітив після дієслова make вживається без частки to:

Не made me read. Він змусив мене читати.

Якщо дієслово make має в пасивний стан, то інфінітив після нього вживається з часткою to:

Не was made to read.. Його змусили читати.

 

Вправа

Перекладіть наступні реченняя, не забуваючи про значення дієслів make, get, lead, cause:

1. Pressure causes ice to melt. 2. Limitation on power causes the usefulness of the water boiler to be very limited. 3. A single alpha-particle, in passing through the tube, is able to create sufficient ions to cause a discharge to occur. 4. Our results lead us to assign to the system an important role. 5. It is usually rather difficult to get nitrogen to combine with other elements. 6. Attractive forces may make molecules collide. 7. The evidence is so far not restrictive and can be made to fit almost any model. 8. Actually an electron has too little mass to make one whole atom in the molecule vibrate relative to the rest.

 

 

Інфінітив в пасивному стані після дієслів allow, permit — дозволяти, enable -- давати можливість слід перекладати відразу після ціх дієслів. При цьому пасивний інфінітив перекладається інфінітивом у формі активного стану, іменник, що стоїть перед ним, в українському речення і стає додатком до інфінітива:

This apparatus enables accurate measurements to be carried out with ease. Цей прилад дозволяє без зусиль виконати точні виміри.

 

Вправа

Перекладіть наступні речення я, звертаючи увагу на місце інфінітива в англійській і українській мовах: 1. Mendeleefs table enables not only the whole of the chemical relationships between elements to be clearly discerned, but also serves as a base for the interpretation of atomic structure. 2. A catalyst allows a greater quantity of the products of a reaction to be manufactured in a given period of time. 3. Early estimations of atomic nuclear charges were too rough to enable any satisfactory theory to be based on them. 4. Analysis of the curve obtained for small negative potential differences between collector and target enables the energy distribution of the ejected electrons to be deduced. 5. Comparison of the osmotic pressure of different substances enables relative molecular weights to be determined by reference to properties of the solution which are dependent on the manitude of the osmotic pressures.